# OpenWRT OpenWrt 是適用於嵌入式裝置的一個Linux發行版。 相對原廠韌體而言，OpenWrt 不是一個單一、靜態的韌體，而是提供了一個可添加軟體套件的可寫的檔案系統。這使使用者可以自由的選擇應用程式和組態，而不必受裝置提供商的限制，並且可以使用一些適合某方面應用的軟體套件來客製化你的裝置。 # NanoPi R4S #### URLs Hardware - [https://www.friendlyelec.com/index.php?route=product/product&product\_id=284](https://www.friendlyelec.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=284) - [https://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/NanoPi\_R4S#Essentials\_You\_Need](https://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/NanoPi_R4S#Essentials_You_Need) FriendlyWRT - [https://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/FriendlyWrt](https://wiki.friendlyelec.com/wiki/index.php/FriendlyWrt) #### Install OS - Download: [http://download.friendlyelec.com/NanoPiR4S](http://download.friendlyelec.com/NanoPiR4S) - File: rk3399-sd-friendlywrt-23.05-docker-20231031.img.gz ##### Flash Utility - dd - win32diskimager - [balenaEtcher](https://etcher.balena.io/) ##### First Boot - Account: root / password (empty password in some versions) - Web: - http://friendlywrt/ - http://192.168.2.1/ #### Hardware SPEC. - SoC: Rockchip RK3399 - CPU: big.LITTLE，Dual-Core Cortex-A72(up to 2.0GHz) + Quad-Core Cortex-A53(up to 1.5GHz) - GPU: Mali-T864 GPU，supports OpenGL ES1.1/2.0/3.0/3.1, OpenCL, DX11, and AFBC - VPU: 4K VP9 and 4K 10bits H265/H264 60fps decoding, Dual VOP, etc - PMU: RK808-D PMIC, cooperated with independent DC/DC, enabling DVFS, software power-down, RTC wake-up, system sleep mode - RAM: 1GB DDR3/4GB LPDDR4 - Flash: no Onboard eMMC - Ethernet: one Native Gigabit Ethernet, and one PCIe Gigabit Ethernet - USB: two USB 3.0 Type-A ports - Pin header extension interface - 2x5-pin header: SPI x 1, I2C x 1 - 4-pin header: USB 2.0 - microSD Slot x 1 - Debug: one Debug UART, 3 Pin 2.54mm header, 3V level, 1500000bps - LEDs: 1 x power LED and 3 x GPIO Controlled LED (SYS, LAN, WAN) - others: - 2 Pin 1.27/1.25mm RTC battery input connector - one User Button - one 5V Fan connector - Power supply: DC 5V/3A, via USB-C connector or Pin header - PCB: 8 Layer, 66 mm x 66 mm - Temperature measuring range: 0℃ to 80℃ # OpenWRT One #### URLs - [\[OpenWrt Wiki\] OpenWrt One](https://openwrt.org/toh/openwrt/one) - [\[OpenWrt Wiki\] Quick start guide for OpenWrt installation](https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-quick-start/start) - [Banana Pi OpenWrt One Router | BananaPi Docs](https://docs.banana-pi.org/en/OpenWRT-One/BananaPi_OpenWRT-One) #### Hardware ##### Specification
SoCMediaTek MT7981B (Filogic 820) dual-core Cortex-A53 processor @ 1.3 GHz
System Memory1GB DDR4
Storage- 256 MB SPI NAND flash for U-boot and Linux - 16 MB SPI NOR flash for write-protected (by default) recovery bootloader (reflashing can be enabled with a jumper) - Two types of flash devices are used to make the board almost unbrickable - M.2 2242/2230 socket for NVMe SSD (PCIe gen 2 x1)
Networking- 1 x 2.5GbE RJ45 port - 1 x Gigabit Ethernet RJ45 port - Dual-band WiFI 6 via MediaTek MT7976C (2×2 2.4 GHz + 3×3/2×2 + zero-wait DFS 5Ghz) - 3x MMCX antenna connectors
USB- 1x USB 2.0 Type-A host port - USB Type-C (device, console) port using Holtek HT42B534-2 UART to USB chip
ExpansionMikroBUS socket for expansion modules
DebuggingConsole via USB-C port or 3-pin header, 10-pin JTAG/SWD header for main SoC
RTCsupport RTC onboard
Misc- Reset and User buttons - Boot select switch: NAND (regular) or NOR (recovery) - 2x PWM LEDs, 2x Ethernet LED (GPIO driven) - EM6324 External hardware watchdog - NXP PCF8563TS (I2C) RTC with battery backup holder for CR1220 coin-cell
Power Supply- 15V USB-PD on USB-C port - Optional 802.3at/af PoE via RT5040 module
Dimensions148 x 100.5 mm compatible with Banana Pi BPI-R4 case design
CertificationsFCC/EC/RoHS compliance
##### Interface [![banna_pi_openwrt_one_interface.jpg](https://osslab.tw/uploads/images/gallery/2025-04/scaled-1680-/banna-pi-openwrt-one-interface.jpg)](https://osslab.tw/uploads/images/gallery/2025-04/banna-pi-openwrt-one-interface.jpg) #### Installation ##### Firmware Download - Download1: [https://firmware-selector.openwrt.org/?version=24.10.1&target=mediatek%2Ffilogic&id=openwrt\_one](https://firmware-selector.openwrt.org/?version=24.10.1&target=mediatek%2Ffilogic&id=openwrt_one) - Download2: [https://downloads.openwrt.org/releases/](https://downloads.openwrt.org/releases/) ##### First Power up 第一次啟動時，每台Openwrt One都會根據目前的製造批次日期更新最新的OpenWrt版本韌體。 1. 在裝置開機之前，請確認 NAND/NOR 開關設定為 NAND 2. 透過乙太網路 192.168.1.1 連接到裝置的 1G 連接埠 3. 開啟裝置電源，等待綠燈亮起表示裝置已開機 4. 將瀏覽器指向 192.168.1.1 來使用 LuCI GUI，或從終端會話透過 `ssh root@192.168.1.1`。 #### FAQ ##### Why are there are 2 different flash chips? The idea is to make the device (almost!) unbrickable and very easy to recover. - NAND will hold the main loader (U-Boot) and the Linux image and will be the default boot device - NOR will be write-protected by default (with WP jumper available on the board) and will hold a recovery bootloader (and other essential data, like Wi-Fi calibration) - a dedicated boot select switch will allow changing between NOR and NAND ##### What will the M.2 slot be used for? We will use M.2 with M-key for NVMe storage. There is a work-in-progress patch to make PCIe work inside the U-Boot bootloader. This will allow booting other Linux distributions such as Debian and Alpine directly from NVMe. ##### Why is there no USB 3.x host port on the device? The USB 3.x and PCIe buses are shared in the selected SoC silicon, hence only a single High-Speed USB port is available ##### What is the purpose of the console USB-C port? Holtek UART to USB bridge with CDC-ACM support on USB-C makes the device ultra easy to communicate with. No extra hardware or drivers will be required. Android for example has CDC-ACM support enabled by default. ##### What MAC OUI will the device have? We plan to register an OUI block for OpenWrt which can also be used for other vendor extensions such as Wi-Fi beacon IEs. ##### What is the purpose of the mikroBUS connector? mikroBUS was chosen as we wanted to make the hardware extendable. There are dedicated pins for UART, SPI, I2C buses and RST/INT signals. The standard uses regular 2.54 mm pitch connectors (you can use available mikroBUS modules or just connect to it something else, with 2.54 mm jumper cables). ##### Why have the RTC on board instead of a mikroBUS module? We believe there are many things a Wi-Fi (or networking in general) device should have on-board by default. Always having a correct time on the device is crucial in many applications, like VPN, DNSSEC, … # Upgrade Firmware #### Download 選擇適合機型的韌體 - Download1: [https://firmware-selector.openwrt.org/?version=24.10.1&target=mediatek%2Ffilogic&id=openwrt\_one](https://firmware-selector.openwrt.org/?version=24.10.1&target=mediatek%2Ffilogic&id=openwrt_one) - Download2: [https://downloads.openwrt.org/releases/](https://downloads.openwrt.org/releases/) #### Using LuCI GUI - Firmware 格式：sysupgrade - Upgrade: LuCI Web → System → Backup / Flash Firmware → Flash new firmware image #### Using CLI - Firmware 格式：sysupgrade - sysupgrade 指令說明：[https://openwrt.org/docs/techref/sysupgrade](https://openwrt.org/docs/techref/sysupgrade) Command ```bash # example downloading the OpenWrt 15.05 upgrade image for a TP-LINK TL-WR1043ND ver. 1.x router cd /tmp wget http://downloads.openwrt.org/chaos_calmer/15.05/ar71xx/generic/openwrt-15.05-ar71xx-generic-tl-wr1043nd-v1-squashfs-sysupgrade.bin # check the integrity of the image file via md5sums (older images) wget http://downloads.openwrt.org/chaos_calmer/15.05/ar71xx/generic/md5sums md5sum -c md5sums 2> /dev/null | grep OK # check the integrity of the image file via sha256sums wget http://downloads.openwrt.org/chaos_calmer/15.05/ar71xx/generic/sha256sums sha256sum -c sha256sums 2> /dev/null | grep OK # the desired result is that the downloaded firmware filename is listed with "OK" afterwards #################################################### # Initiate sysupgrade with your desired options # by default ( no -n ) settings are kept #################################################### sysupgrade -v /tmp/openwrt-15.05-ar71xx-generic-tl-wr1043nd-v1-squashfs-sysupgrade.bin ``` #### Using USB drive ##### OpenWRT One 1. prepare a FAT32 formatted USB drive that contains the `sysupgrade.itb` file from either the SNAPSHOT or Release repositories 2. remove power 3. insert the USB stick in the Type A USB Port. 4. make sure **NAND boot** switch is selected. 5. press and hold the button on the back side labeled **Reset** 6. power up the device. Release the **Reset** button as soon as all LEDS turn off. 7. wait for the middle LED to go green. The device will boot from NAND and the bootloader will reflash the kernel and root filesystem on the NAND. # Network Hardening #### Solutions - [banIP](https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/banip) - [Fail2Ban](https://github.com/peci1/fail2ban_openwrt/blob/master/README.md) # VPN #### PPTP - [PPTP Server](https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/vpn/pptp/server) ##### PPTP in LAN not working LAN 網路的電腦無法連接外網的 PPTP VPN Server 解決：OpenWRT 預設不支援 PPTP 連線，需安裝 `kmod-nf-nathelper-extra`。 ```bash opkg update opkg install kmod-nf-nathelper-extra ``` 重啟設備後，重新再試一次。 #### OpenVPN - [\[OpenWrt Wiki\] OpenVPN](https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/vpn/openvpn/start) - YT: [OpenWRT - VPN into your Home network using OpenVPN | Roadwarrior - YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FnvP7dOmy9w) ##### OpenVPN Server Preparation ```bash # Install packages opkg update opkg install openvpn-openssl openvpn-easy-rsa luci-app-openvpn luci-i18n-openvpn-zh-tw ``` Generate PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) ```bash # Configuration parameters cat << EOF > /etc/profile.d/50-openvpn-easy-rsa.sh export EASYRSA_PKI="/etc/openvpn/pki" export EASYRSA_TEMP_DIR=${EASYRSA_TEMP_DIR:-${TMPDIR:-/tmp/}} export EASYRSA_CERT_EXPIRE="3650" export EASYRSA_BATCH="1" EOF . /etc/profile.d/50-openvpn-easy-rsa.sh # Remove and re-initialize PKI directory easyrsa init-pki # Generate DH parameters easyrsa gen-dh # Create a new CA easyrsa build-ca nopass # Generate server keys and certificate easyrsa build-server-full server nopass openvpn --genkey tls-crypt-v2-server ${EASYRSA_PKI}/server.pem # Generate client keys and certificate easyrsa build-client-full client nopass openvpn --tls-crypt-v2 ${EASYRSA_PKI}/server.pem \ --genkey tls-crypt-v2-client ${EASYRSA_PKI}/client.pem ``` OpenVPN Service Configuration 1. LuCI UI → VPN → OpenVPN → Delete : custom\_config/sample\_server/sample\_client 2. LuCI UI → VPN → OpenVPN → Add : Template based configuration - Name : ovpnServer - Template : Server configuration for a routed multi-client VPN 3. LuCI UI → VPN → OpenVPN → Edit : ovpnServer - server : 10.9.8.0 255.255.255.0 *( 用戶端 tun 介面網段)* - ca : /etc/openvpn/pki/ca.crt - dh : /etc/openvpn/pki/dh.pem - cert : /etc/openvpn/pki/issued/server.crt - key : /etc/openvpn/pki/private/server.key - port : 1194 - proto : UDP - dev\_type : tun - client\_to\_client : check 4. LuCI UI → VPN → OpenVPN → Edit : ovpnServer (**Advanced configuration**) 1. Cryptography - tls\_crypt\_v2 : /etc/openvpn/pki/server.pem 2. Networking - persist\_tun : check - persist\_key : check - topology : subnet 3. VPN - client\_to\_client : check - duplicate\_cn : check - push : route 192.168.8.0 255.255.255.0 *(主機端 LAN 網段)* - push : redirect-gateway Firewall Configuration 1. LuCI UI → Network → Firewall → Traffic Rules → Add: - Name : Allow-OpenVPN - Protocol : UDP - Source zone : wan/wan6 - Destination zone : Device (input) - Destination port : 1194 - Action: accept 2. LuCI UI → Network → Firewall → General Settings → Edit: lan → Advances Settings - Covered devices : tun0 - Generate client configuration file ```bash VPN_CONF="/etc/openvpn/client.ovpn" VPN_SERV="192.168.0.12" VPN_PORT="1194" VPN_PROTO="udp" VPN_TC="$(cat /etc/openvpn/pki/server.pem)" VPN_KEY="$(cat /etc/openvpn/pki/private/server.key)" VPN_CERT="$(openssl x509 -in /etc/openvpn/pki/issued/server.crt)" VPN_CA="$(openssl x509 -in /etc/openvpn/pki/ca.crt)" cat << EOF > ${VPN_CONF} remote ${VPN_SERV} ${VPN_PORT} ${VPN_PROTO} dev tun nobind client auth-nocache remote-cert-tls server ${VPN_TC} ${VPN_KEY} ${VPN_CERT} ${VPN_CA} EOF ``` #### Wireguard - [\[OpenWrt Wiki\] WireGuard](https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/vpn/wireguard/start) - YT: [Configuring Wireguard on OpenWRT - Step by Step Guides - YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sFEff3geYdU) - YT: [WireGuard - How to Install and Configure WireGuard VPN Client on Ubuntu | Debian | LinuxMint - YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RT8drPYW4qs) Preparation ```bash opkg update opkg install wireguard-tools kmod-wireguard luci-proto-wireguard qrencode reboot ``` Create Wireguard Interface 1. LuCI → Network → Interfaces → Add new interface - Name : Wireguard - Protocol : Wireguard VPN 2. LuCI → Network → Interfaces → Wireguard → General Settings - Generate new key pair - Listen Port : 51820 - IP Addresses : 10.9.7.1/24 3. LuCI → Network → Interfaces → Wireguard → Advanced Settings 1. Use custom DNS servers : 8.8.8.8 4. Save & Apply 5. LuCI → Network → Interfaces → Devices → Configure: Wireguard 1. Save 6. Save & Apply Configure Firewall 1. LuCI → Network → Firewall → Add zone - Name : - Input/Output/Forward : Accept - Masquerading : check - MSS Clamping : check - Covered networks : lan/Wireguard - Allow forward to destination zones : wan/wan6 - Allow forward from source zones : lan - Save 2. Save & Apply Configure Port Forwarding 1. LuCI → Network → Firewall → Port Forwards → Add - Name : Wireguard - Restrict to address family : automatic - Protocol : TCP/UDP - Source zone : wan/wan6 - External port : 51820 - Destination zone : lan - Internal IP address : 10.9.7.1 - Internal port : 51820 - Save 2. Save & Apply Configure Peer Settings 1. LuCI → Network → Interfaces → Edit: Wireguard → Peers → Add peer - Description : My Linux Fedora - Generate new key pair - Allowed IPs : 10.9.7.2/32 - Save → Save 2. Save & Apply 3. LuCI → Network → Interfaces → Wireguard → Restart 4. LuCI → Network → Interfaces → Edit: Wireguard → Peers → Edit: My Linux Fedora → Generate Configuration - DNS Servers : 8.8.8.8 # Wireless #### Enable Wi-Fi - [\[OpenWrt Wiki\] Enabling a Wi-Fi access point on OpenWrt](https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-quick-start/basic_wifi) LuCI Web **→** Network **→** Wireless **→** Edit : - General Setup: - Country Code: TW - ESSID: OpenWRT - Wireless Security: - Encryption: WPA2-PSK or WPA3-SAE - Key: <your-wireless-password> - Save - Save & Apply - Enable # Additional Software #### Network Monitor ##### nlbwmon ```bash opkg install luci-app-nlbwmon luci-i18n-nlbwmon-zh-tw ``` ##### Netdata 1. Add the custom feed: [fantastic-packages](https://osslab.tw/books/openwrt/page/custom-feeds-source "Custom Feeds Source") 2. Run `opkg install luci-app-netdata` #### 中文化介面 ```bash opkg install luci-i18n-base-zh-tw ``` #### Themes ##### Argon 1. Download \*.ipk: [https://github.com/jerrykuku/luci-theme-argon](https://github.com/jerrykuku/luci-theme-argon) 2. Install: `opkg install luci-theme-argon_2.3.2-r20250207_all.ipk` #### DDNS ##### Duck DNS - [Duck DNS](https://www.duckdns.org/) - YT: [OpenWRT : Create your own VPN Server with OpenVPN - YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvSxt6msOWg) Install the packages ```bash opkg install ddns-scripts luci-app-ddns ``` ##### NoIP - [Free Dynamic DNS - Managed DNS - Managed Email - Domain Registration - No-IP](https://www.noip.com/) - YT: [OpenWRT - VPN into your Home network using OpenVPN | Roadwarrior - YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FnvP7dOmy9w) Install the packages ```bash opkg install ddns-scripts ddns-scripts-noip luci-app-ddns ``` # Quick Start #### DHCP ##### Enable DHCP Server LuCI Web **→** Network **→** Interfaces → Edit: lan → DHCP Server **→ General Setup** - Ignore interface : 啟用（不勾）/ 關閉（勾） - Start : 100（IP 位址從 \*.100 開始分配） - Limit : IP 分配最多數量 LuCI Web **→** Network **→** DHCP and DNS **→** General - Allocate IPs sequentially : 勾選（依順序分配 IP） ##### Disable IPv6 for LAN LuCI Web **→** Network **→** Interfaces **→** Edit: lan → DHCP Server → IPv6 Settings - RA-Service : disabled - DHCPv6-Service : disabled - NDP-Proxy : disabled ##### DHCP Options 可以指定 IP 配發時的 DNS 位址與 Gateway 位址，且透過 tag 設定，可以設定不同裝置有不同的 DNS 與 Gateway 位址。 LuCI Web **→** Network **→** Interfaces **→** Edit: lan → DHCP Server → Advanced Settings → DHCP-Options - 6 指定 DNS : `6,4.4.4.4` - 3 指定 Gateway : `3,192.168.8.254` - 包含tag ipphone 的所有裝置，指定 Gateway : `tag:ipphone,3,192.168.8.253` - ！不包含 tag sensor 的所有裝置，指定 `Gateway: tag:!sensor,3,192.168.8.252` 為 IP（裝置）設定 tag LuCI Web **→** Network **→** DHCP and DNS → Static Leases # Custom Feeds Source ##### fantastic-packages - README: [https://github.com/fantastic-packages/packages/tree/gh-pages#readme](https://github.com/fantastic-packages/packages/tree/gh-pages#readme) - [https://fantastic-packages.github.io/packages/releases/](https://fantastic-packages.github.io/packages/releases/) /etc/opkg/customfeeds.conf : - <major.minor version> : 24.10（系統版本） - <package arch> : aarch64\_cortex-a53（系統架構） ``` # fantastic-packages Packages # URL: https://github.com/fantastic-packages/packages/tree/gh-pages#readme src/gz fantastic_packages_luci https://fantastic-packages.github.io/packages/releases//packages//luci src/gz fantastic_packages_packages https://fantastic-packages.github.io/packages/releases//packages//packages src/gz fantastic_packages_special https://fantastic-packages.github.io/packages/releases//packages//special ``` Add usign pub-keys to opkg - Download `https://fantastic-packages.github.io/packages/releases//.pub` - Put to `/etc/opkg/keys/`, note filename must be lowercase ```bash KEYID= mkdir /etc/opkg/keys 2>/dev/null curl -sSL -o /etc/opkg/keys/${KEYID,,} "https://fantastic-packages.github.io/packages/releases//${KEYID}.pub" ``` # Ad Blocking 廣告封鎖、防釣魚及防惡意網站 #### AdGuard Home - [\[OpenWrt Wiki\] AdGuard Home](https://openwrt.org/docs/guide-user/services/dns/adguard-home) - GitHub: [https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardHome](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardHome) - [AdGuard Home | Network-wide software for any OS: Windows, macOS, Linux](https://adguard.com/en/adguard-home/overview.html) - [【个人笔记】【openwrt篇】AdGuardHome安装及配置\_adguardhome设置教程-CSDN博客](https://blog.csdn.net/gn6201111990/article/details/144301521) #### Adblock-lean - [https://github.com/lynxthecat/adblock-lean](https://github.com/lynxthecat/adblock-lean) - Forum: [Adblock-lean: set up adblock using dnsmasq blocklist](https://forum.openwrt.org/t/adblock-lean-set-up-adblock-using-dnsmasq-blocklist/157076)