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Dictionary 字典

不像序列是由一個範圍內的數字當作索引，dictionary 是由鍵 (key) 來當索引，鍵可以是任何不可變的類型；字串和數字都可以當作鍵。Tuple 也可以當作鍵，如果他們只含有字串、數字或 tuple；若一個 tuple 直接或間接地含有任何可變的物件，它就不能當作鍵。你無法使用 list 當作鍵，因為 list 可以經由索引指派 (index assignment)、切片指派 (slice assignment) 或是像 append() 和 extend() 等 method 被修改。

思考 dictionary 最好的方式是把它想成是一組鍵值對 (key: value pair) 的 set，其中鍵在同一個 dictionary 裡必須是獨一無二的。使用一對大括號可建立一個空的 dictionary：{}。將一串由逗號分隔的鍵值對置於大括號則可初始化字典的鍵值對。這同樣也是字典輸出時的格式。

Key type:

  • Numbers
  • Booleans
  • Strings
  • Tuples

資料集合

dictionary1 = {"keyA":valuea, "keyB":value2, "keyC":value3, "KeyD":value4}

dictionary2 = {"keyA":["value1", "value2"], "keyB":["value3", "value4"]}

搜尋鍵-值

NOTE: Dictionary 如果鍵有重複，新的值會覆蓋舊的。

file_counts = {"jpg":10, "txt":14, "csv":2, "py":23}
file_counts["txt"]
# Output: 14

# 鍵有重複時
file_counts = {"jpg":10, "txt":14, "csv":2, "py":23, "txt":99}
file_counts["txt"]
# Output: 99

檢查索引

file_counts = {"jpg":10, "txt":14, "csv":2, "py":23}
"jpg" in file_counts
# Output: True

新增元素

file_counts = {"jpg":10, "txt":14, "csv":2, "py":23}
file_counts["cfg"] = 8
print(file_counts)
# Output {'jpg': 10, 'txt': 14, 'csv': 2, 'py': 23, 'cfg': 8}

變更指定索引的元素

file_counts = {"jpg":10, "txt":14, "csv":2, "py":23}
file_counts["csv"] = 17
print(file_counts)
# Output {'jpg': 10, 'txt': 14, 'csv': 17, 'py': 23}

刪除指定索引的元素

file_counts = {"jpg":10, "txt":14, "csv":2, "py":23, 'cfg':8}
del file_counts["cfg"]
print(file_counts)
# Output {'jpg': 10, 'txt': 14, 'csv': 2, 'py': 23}

Operations

  • len(dictionary) - Returns the number of items in a dictionary.

  • for key, in dictionary - Iterates over each key in a dictionary.

  • for key, value in dictionary.items() - Iterates over each key,value pair in a dictionary.

  • if key in dictionary - Checks whether a key is in a dictionary.

  • dictionary[key] - Accesses a value using the associated key from a dictionary.

  • dictionary[key] = value - Sets a value associated with a key.

  • del dictionary[key] - Removes a value using the associated key from a dictionary.

字典使用 for loop 迭代時，預設使用 key 存取 

file_counts = {"jpg":10, "txt":14, "csv":2, "py":23}
for extension in file_counts:
  print(extension)

# Output
jpg
txt
csv
py

Methods

  • dictionary.get(key, default) - Returns the value corresponding to a key, or the default value if the specified key is not present.

  • dictionary.keys() - Returns a sequence containing the keys in a dictionary.

  • dictionary.values() - Returns a sequence containing the values in a dictionary.

  • dictionary[key].append(value) - Appends a new value for an existing key.

  • dictionary.update(other_dictionary) - Updates a dictionary with the items from another dictionary. Existing entries are updated; new entries are added.

  • dictionary.clear() - Deletes all items from a dictionary.

  • dictionary.copy() - Makes a copy of a dictionary.

.item()

.items()  迭代 dictionary 資料時，可存取 key 與 value。

file_counts = {"jpg":10, "txt":14, "csv":2, "py":23}
for ext, amount in file_counts.items():
  print("There are {} files with the .{} extension".format(amount, ext))

# Output
There are 10 files with the .jpg extension
There are 14 files with the .txt extension
There are 2 files with the .csv extension
There are 23 files with the .py extension
.keys() .values()

.keys() , .values() 

file_counts = {"jpg":10, "txt":14, "csv":2, "py":23}
file_counts.keys()   # Return dict_keys(['jpg', 'txt', 'csv', 'py'])
file_counts.values() # Return dict_values([10, 14, 2, 23])
file_counts = {"jpg":10, "txt":14, "csv":2, "py":23}
for value in file_counts.values():
  print(value)

# Output
10
14
2
23

Set 集合

當您想要儲存一堆元素，並確定這些元素只出現一次時，就會使用集合(set)。集合(set)的元素也必須是不可變的。您可以將其視為字典 (dictionary) 中沒有關聯值 (value) 的鍵 (key)

  • 符號用大括號
  • 內容必須是唯一值，不可重複；如果提供的元素有重複值，程式不會發生錯誤，set 只會存在一個元素
  • 建立空白 set 要用函式 set() 
  • 資料不是序列，元素之間沒有索引及順序關係
A = {"jlanksy", "drosas", "nmason"}

# Create an empty set
B = set()

# set 不會有重複的元素
basket = {'apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana'}
print(basket)                      # show that duplicates have been removed
# Output: {'orange', 'banana', 'pear', 'apple'}

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